Etiology, epidemiology and clinical characteristics of acute diarrhea in hospitalized children in rural Peru

RESUMEN :

Introduction: Diarrhea remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age especially in low-income countries. In Peru, epidemiological reports about enteropathogens related to acute diarrhea are scarce in rural areas. The aim of this study was to describe the etiology, epidemiology, and clinical characteristics of the principal causes of acute infectious diarrhea in in a northern rural region of Peru. Methodology: A prospective study was conducted from January 2011 to December 2012 to describe the main pathogens causing acute diarrhea using PCR assay. Results: A total of 117 children diagnosed with acute diarrhea were included in the study. A single etiological agent was identified in 41.03% of samples, being rotavirus followed by norovirus and Shigella. Co-infections containing virus and bacteria were found in 22.22% of samples. Vomiting was most commonly found symptoms in 58.97% cases followed by fever (54.70%). Malnutrition was detected in 14.53% of the children. Conclusions: High prevalence of rotavirus, as well as adenovirus and norovirus, was observed in the present study. Shigella was the most common bacteria found in acute diarrhea in the area. The implementation of a better surveillance system is mandatory in order to identify the principal etiologies of gastroenteritis in the rural areas of Peru and to develop of better prevention strategies and reduce diarrhea-associated mortalities.

AUTOR :Cornejo-Tapia, Angela; Orellana- Peralta, Fiorella; Weilg, Pablo; Bazan-Mayra, Jorge; Cornejo-Pacherres, Hernán; Ulloa-Urizar, Gabriela; Aguilar-Luis, Miguel Angel; Pons, Maria Jesus; del Valle-Mendoza, Juana ( 0000-0002-6011-5040 ) 

REVISTA:The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries

URL :http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622483

Bacteria; Children; Diarrhea; Low-income countries; Rural area; Virus

Systematic review and meta-analysis of secondary prophylaxis for prevention of HIV-related toxoplasmic encephalitis relapse using trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

A recent systematic literature and meta-analysis reported relative efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) for the treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) in HIV-infected adults. Here, we estimated relapse rates during secondary prophylaxis with TMP-SMX, and further explored differences in relapse rates prior to introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and the widespread adoption of HAART... read more

AUTOR :

Connolly, Mark P.; Haitsma, Gertruud; Hernández, Adrián V. ( 0000-0002-9999-4003 )  ; Vidal, José E.

EDITORIAL :

Taylor and Francis Ltd.

REVISTA:

Pathogens and Global Health

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622484
FULL TEXT: https://goo.gl/9v8KuR

Molecular etiological profile of atypical bacterial pathogens, viruses and coinfections among infants and children with community acquired pneumonia admitted to a national hospital in Lima, Peru

Objective: The main objective of this study was to detect the presence of 14 respiratory viruses and atypical bacteria (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae), via polymerase chain reaction in patients under 18 years old hospitalized due to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) from Lima, Peru. Results: Atypical pathogens were detected in 40% (58/146); viral etiologies in 36% (52/146) and coinfections in 19% (27/146). The most common etiological agent was M. pneumoniae (n = 47), followed by C. pneumoniae (n = 11). The most frequent respiratory viruses detected were: respiratory syncytial virus A (n = 35), influenza virus C (n = 21) and parainfluenza virus (n = 10). Viral-bacterial and bacterium-bacterium coinfections were found in 27 cases. In our study population, atypical bacteria (40%) were detected as frequently as respiratory viruses (36%). The presence of M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae should not be underestimated as they can be commonly isolated in Peruvian children with CAP.

AUTOR : del Valle-Mendoza, Juana ( 0000-0002-6011-5040 )  ; Silva-Caso, Wilmer; Cornejo-Tapia, Angela; Orellana-Peralta, Fiorella; Verne, Eduardo; Ugarte, Claudia; Aguilar-Luis, Miguel Angel; De Lama-Odría, María del Carmen; Nazario-Fuertes, Ronald; Esquivel-Vizcarra, Mónica; Casabona-Ore, Verónica; Weilg, Pablo; del Valle, Luis J.

REVISTA: BMC Research Notes

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622481

FULL TEXT: https://goo.gl/6rcY9L

Inclusion of persons with disabilities in systems of social protection: a population-based survey and case–control study in Peru

AUTOR : Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio ( 0000-0002-6834-1376 )  ; Diez-Canseco, Francisco; Vasquez, Alberto; Kuper, Hannah; Walsham, Matthew; Blanchet, Karl

EDITORIAL: British Medical Journal

REVISTA: BMJ Open

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622480

Full text: https://goo.gl/vRyysx

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the needs of people with disabilities and their level of inclusion in social protection programmes. DESIGN: Population based-survey with a nested case-control study. SETTING: Morropon, a semiurban district located in Piura, northern Peru. PARTICIPANTS: For the population survey, a two-stage sampling method was undertaken using data from the most updated census available and information of each household member aged ≥5 years was collected. In the nested case-control study, only one participant, case or control, per household was included in the study. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Disability was screened using the Washington Group short questionnaire. A case, defined as an individual aged ≥5 years with disabilities, was matched with one control without disabilities by sex and age (±5 years). Information was collected on socioeconomic status, education, health and rehabilitation and social protection participation. RESULTS: The survey included 3684 participants, 1848 (50.1%) females, mean age: 36.4 (SD: 21.7). A total of 290 participants (7.9%; 95% CI 7.0% to 8.7%) were classified as having disability. Adults with disabilities were more likely to be single (OR=3.40; 95% CI 1.54 to 7.51) and not to be working (OR=4.36; 95% CI 2.26 to 8.40), while those who did work were less likely to receive the national minimum wage (ie, 750 PEN or about US$265; p=0.007). People with disabilities were more likely to experience health problems. There was no difference between those enrolled in any social protection programme among participants with and without disabilities. CONCLUSIONS: People with disabilities were found to have higher needs for social protection, but were not more likely to be enrolled in social protection programmes. The Peruvian social protection system should consider adding disability status to selection criteria in their cash transfer programmes as well as implementing disability-specific interventions. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/

Seropositividad a Helicobacter pylori y su relación con náusea y vómitos durante las primeras 20 semanas del embarazo

AUTOR : Castillo Contreras, Ofelia; Maguiña Quispe, Jorge; Medina Morales, Bryan; Malaverry Lozano, Héctor

EDITORIAL : Sociedad Argentina de Gastroenterologia

REVISTA: Acta Gastroenterologica Latinoamericana

Existen estudios que encontraron mayor prevalencia de anticuerpos contra Helicobacter pylori (Hp) en gestantes con hiperémesis gravídica, en comparación con mujeres embarazadas asintomáticas. Objetivos. Determinar la relación entre la seropositividad a Hp y la presencia de náusea y vómitos durante las primeras 20 semanas del embarazo en gestantes de una red hospitalaria, entre marzo y diciembre de 2015. Material y métodos. Estudio de casos y controles no pareado en gestantes hasta las 20 semanas de embarazo. El índice de Rhodes para náusea y vómitos clasificó a las gestantes en casos (9-40 puntos) y en controles (8 puntos). La seropositividad a Hp fue definida como IgG ≥ 1,1 U/mL. La asociación entre Hp y náusea y vómitos del embarazo se determinó con el análisis de regresión logística, controlando por edad, paridad, edad gestacional y nivel socioeconómico. Resultados. Un total de 108 pacientes fueron incluidas, 21 controles y 87 casos. No hubo diferencias significativas en edad (p = 0,916), paridad (p = 0,18) y nivel socioeconómico (p = 0,36). La seropositividad a Hp en los casos fue 78,2% (68/87) y en los controles 61,9% (13/21). En el análisis de regresión logística, los casos presentaron mayor riesgo de seropositividad a Hp que los controles (OR = 3,05; IC 95%: 0,92-10,1; p = 0,068), pero no fue significativa. Conclusiones. Las pacientes con náusea y vómitos en las primeras 20 semanas de gestación tuvieron un mayor riesgo de haber estado expuestas a Hp, aunque esta relación no fue significativa debido al pequeño tamaño de muestra.